Вплив удобрення на формуванняпродуктивності ячменю ярого в короткоротаційних сівозмінах

Анотація

The water-physical and nutrient regimes of the soil, the yield and quality indicators of spring barley grain, the phytosanitary condition of its crops in different types of crop rotation under intensive and alternative fertilization systems were studied. It was found that in all experimental crop rotations, the maximum grain yield (3.50–3.91 t/ha) exceeding the control by 1.44–1.58 t/ha was obtained under conditions of use directly N₆₀Р₆₀K₆₀ under the culture and plowing once per rotation of 40 t/ha of manure under the predecessors. Higher yield was formed by plants in grain-row crop rotation with 50 percent saturation with grain ears. In the grain-forage crop rotation saturated with 75 % of grain crops, the productivity was lower by 10.5 %. The best predecessor for spring barley was potatoes, after which the yield was 0.10–0.27 t/ha higher in the control (without fertilizers) than after winter wheat, and with the introduction of organo-mineral fertilization systems the surplus was 0.17– 0.41 t/ha. In spring barley grain, the highest mass of 1000 grains (40.7–43.3 g), grain nature (563–589 g/l), and protein content (10.53–11.00 %) were obtained in the manure aftertreatment option (40 t/ha) and direct application of fertilizers to the culture in the norm of N₆₀Р₆₀K₆₀. Grain of lower quality was obtained on the unfertilized version. The analysis of the influence of the predecessor and the type of crop rotation showed advantages in the accumulation of protein
(9.11 % in the control) for growing spring barley in a crop rotation after the predecessor potato.

In all years of the five-year research period, at the time of germination of spring barley, the reserves of productive moisture in the arable layer of the soil were sufficient for the growth and development of plants. Depending on the type of crop rotation and predecessors, their average values ranged from 31.0 to 36.1 mm. With the depth of sampling, these indicators increased and in the 20–40 cm layer amounted to 36.3–40.4 mm. Fertilizer systems provided a higher level of moisture accumulation. In the arable and sub-arable layers of the soil, on the variants of the alternative fertilization system, compared to the control, their values were higher by 6.7 and 5.1 % in grain fodder and by 6.8 and 6.3 % in crop rotation, on the variants of the intensive fertilization system by 11.1 and 8.9 % and by 9.6 and 8.0 % respectively. With the passage of subsequent phases of vegetation, soil moisture values changed depending on precipitation, the intensity of its use by crop rotations, and different levels of fertilization.

The density of the soil structure under spring barley increased during its growing season and was the lowest in the initial period of development. In particular, during the growth period in the 0–10 cm layer, its average values varied from 1.12 to 1.18 g/cm³ in the 10–20 horizon and within 1.22–1.24 and 1.32–1.34 g/cm³ in a 20–30 cm layer. The use of intensive (manure + mineral fertilizers) and alternative (green mass of post-harvest oil radish + precursor by-products + mineral fertilizers) fertilization systems restrained the compaction process and provided 4.46–2.65 % lower values of capacity after winter wheat and by 3.5–
1.72 % after potatoes compared to the control without fertilizer.

The nutrient status of the soil in spring barley crops depended on fertilization systems, the type of crop rotation and the predecessor. The highest content of alkaline hydrolysed nitrogen (123.1–124.3 mg/kg soil), mobile phosphorus (127.2–128.1 mg/kg soil) and exchangeable potassium (112.8–
114.4 mg/kg soil) in the arable layer was in the seedling phase on the option of using 40 t/ha of manure for predecessors in crop rotation and direct application of mineral fertilizer in a dose of  N₆₀Р₆₀K₆₀ to the crop.

An increase in the specific weight of ear crops in crop rotation created conditions for the deterioration of the herbological condition of barley crops. The highest weediness of the crop (401 pcs of weeds per 1 m² in the seedling phase, 330 pcs/m² ‒ earing phase, 91 pcs/m²  –  full maturity phase) was formed on the control option in the grain-forage rotation with saturation of 75 % ear crops. The use of organo-mineral systems in crop rotation and their mineral component under spring barley helped to reduce the number of segetals in the culture and increased its competitiveness.

The highest incidence of spring barley crops with root rot (23.8 %), ear septoriosis (14.1 %) and ear fusarium (7.2 %) was observed after the predecessor of winter wheat in grain-forage crop rotation. The lower development of diseases was noted for the cultivation of the crop after potatoes in crop and grain-row rotations.